PHYSICS SYLLABUS OF NEET (UG)
PHYSICS
UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT
Units of measurements, systemA of units, SI units, fundamental and derived units, least count, significant figures, errors in measurements, dimensions of physics quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications.
UNIT 2: KINEMATICS
The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, position-time graph, speed, and velocity; Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed, and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion, Scalars and Vectors, Vector. Addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products, unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.
UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION
Force and inertia, Newton’s First Law of Motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of Motion, Impulses: Newton’s Third Law of Motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road.
UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power. The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and nonconservative forces; motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
UNIT 5: ROTATIONAL MOTION
Center of the mass of a two-particle system, center of the mass of a rigid body; basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications;
The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, and values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation, and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.
UNIT 6: GRAVITATION
The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.
Escape velocity, motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period, and energy of a satellite.
UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Elastic behavior, stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity. Stokes' law. terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow. critical velocity.
Bernoulli's principle and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension—drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal
expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS
Thermal equilibrium, the zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics is isothermal and adiabatic processes. The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.
UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases— assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas
Molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases; mean free path. Avogadro's number.
UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Oscillations and periodic motion—time period, frequency, and displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a
spring—restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M.—kinetic and potential energies;
Simple pendulum—derivation of expression for its time period:
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of travelling wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode, and harmonics. Beats.
UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS
Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines. Electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux. Gauss's law and its applications to find the field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole, and system of charges;
potential difference, equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two points charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitances, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor.
UNIT 12: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric current. Drift velocity, mobility, and their relation with electric current. Ohm's law.
Electrical resistance: V-I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy and power. Electrical resistivity and conductivity. Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance. Internal resistance, potential difference, and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge.
UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
Biot-Savart law and its application to a current-carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current-carrying straight wires and solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors—definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. Para- , dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, and the effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
UNIT 14: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.
Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.
UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays, applications of e.m. waves.
UNIT 16: OPTICS
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula, and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its applications.
. Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction of light through a prism. Microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their
magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young's double-slit experiment, and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum polarization, plane-polarized light, Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light, and Polaroid.
UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves: wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation…
UNIT 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of the atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.
UNIT 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator, logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR).
UNIT 20: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS
Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:
1. Vernier calipers—its use is to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge—its use is to determine the thickness/diameter of a thin sheet/wire.
3. Simple Pendulum: dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.
4. Metre Scale—the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
7. Coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a given spherical body,
8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a meter bridge.
11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
13. The focal length of
(i)Convex mirror
(ii) Concave mirror, and
(ii) Convex lens, using the parallax method.
14. The plot of the angle of deviation vs. angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
15. Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
16. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
17. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage.
18. Identification of Diode. LED, resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS (NEET)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element, and
compound:: Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar
mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations and
stoichiometry.
UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr
model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron
and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's
relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum
mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of atomic
orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals;
various
quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their
significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for
filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle. Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule,
electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
UNIT 3: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds;
calculation of lattice enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important
features,
the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance.
Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals
(bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of
homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy.
Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.
UNIT 4: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties,
state functions, types of processes.
The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat
capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond
dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration,
ionization, and solution.
The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G of
the system as criteria for spontaneity. G (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium
constant.
UNIT 5: SOLUTIONS
Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction,
percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal
and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions;
Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of
freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular
mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its
significance.
UNIT 6: EQUILIBRIUM
Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria,
Henry's law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium
constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of G and G in chemical
equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of
catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of
acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base
equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH
scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly
soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.
UNIT 7: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for
assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities
and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode
potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic
cell and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell
potential and Gibbs' energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.
UNIT 8: CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature,
pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions,
rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions,
Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous
reactions (no derivation).
BIOLOGY SYLLABUS FOR (NEET)
UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World
• What is living?; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomic hierarchy; binomial nomenclature;
• Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera, Protista, and Fungi into major groups: lichens, viruses, and viroids.
• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups—Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at at least two examples of each category);
• Salient features and classification of animals—nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to class level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).
UNIT 2: Structural Organization in Animals and Plants
• Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence (cymose and racemose), flower, fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant practical of the practical syllabus) Family (Malvaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminoceae, Compositae, Gramineae).
• Animal tissues: morphology, anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of an insect (frog). (Brief account only)
UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function
• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles structure and function; Endomembrane system—endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus-nuclear membrane,
chromatin, nucleolus.
• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules—structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; enzymes—types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of enzymes
• B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and their significance.
UNIT 4: Plant Physiology
• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis takes place; pigments are involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; cyclic and non-cyclic and photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.
• Respiration: Exchange gases; cellular respiration—glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations—number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient.
• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell; Growth regulators: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA;
UNIT 5: Human Physiology
• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans—exchange of gases, transport of gases, and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; disorders related to respiration: asthma, emphysema, and occupational respiratory disorders.
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system—structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of the circulatory system—hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion—Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system—structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation, regulation of kidney function, renin-angiotensin, atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH, and Diabetes Insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.
• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement—ciliary, flagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle—contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of the practical syllabus); joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal system—Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
• Neural control and coordination: Neurons and nerves; the nervous system in humans is central. nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse;
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system—Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones As messengers and regulators, hypo- and hyperactivity and related disorders (common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).
UNIT 6: Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; pollination types, agencies, and examples; outbreeding devices; Pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post-fertilization events—development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes: apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.
• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis & oogenesis; menstrual cycle; Fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation, pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (An elementary idea).
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); birth control—need and methods, contraception, and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies—IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution
• Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination: In humans, birds, and honeybees; Linkage and crossing over; Sex-linked inheritance: hemophilia, color blindness;
Mendelian disorders in humans: thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation—Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA fingerprinting, protein biosynthesis.
• Evolution: Origin of life; biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution from paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution: the modern synthetic theory of evolution; the mechanism of evolution Variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; adaptive Radiation; human evolution.
UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare
• Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm, dengue, chikungunya); basic concepts of immunology—vaccines; cancer, HIV, and AIDS; Adolescence, drug, and alcohol abuse. Tobacco abuse
• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications
• Principles and process of biotechnology: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA) technology).
• Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms—Bt crops; transgenic
Animals: Biosafety issues—biopiracy and patents.
UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment
• Organisms and environment Population interactions—mutualism, competition, predation, Parasitism: population attributes—growth, birth rate and death rate, and age distribution.
• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity Conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.
