Unit I: Matter—Nature and Behavior
Definition of matter: solid, liquid, and gas; characteristics—shape, volume, and density; change of state—melting (absorption of heat), freezing, evaporation (cooling by evaporation), condensation, sublimation.
Nature of matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures. Heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures colloids and suspensions. Physical and chemical changes (excluding separating the components of a mixture).
Particle nature and their basic units: atoms and molecules, law of chemical combination
Chemical formula of common compounds, atomic and molecular masses.
Structure of atoms: electrons, protons, and neutrons; valency; atomic number and mass number Isotopes and Isobars.
Theme: The World of the Living
Unit II: Organization in the Living World
Cell—Basic Unit of Life: Cell as a basic unit of life; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms; cell membrane and cell wall, cell organelles and cell inclusions; chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus; nucleus, chromosomes—basic structure, number.
Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism:
Structure and functions of animal and plant tissues (only four types of tissues in animals; meristematic and permanent tissues in plants).
Theme: Moving Things, People, and Ideas
Unit III: Motion, Force, and Work
Motion: Distance and displacement, velocity; uniform and non-uniform motion along a straight line; acceleration, distance-time, and velocity-time graphs for uniform motion and uniformly accelerated motion, elementary idea of uniform circular motion.
Force and Newton’s laws : force and motion, Newton’s laws of motion, and action and reaction forces. Inertia of a body, inertia and mass, momentum, force, and acceleration.
Gravitation: Gravitation; Universal Law of Gravitation, Force of Gravitation of the Earth (Gravity), Acceleration due to Gravity, Mass and Weight, and Free Fall.
Floatation: Thrust and Pressure. Archimedes’ Principle: Buoyancy.
Work, Energy, and Power: Work done by a force, energy, power, kinetic and potential energy, law of conservation of energy (excluding commercial units of energy).
Sound: Nature of sound and its propagation in various media, speed of sound, range of hearing in humans; ultrasound; reflection of sound; echo.
Theme: Food
Unit IV: Food Production
Plant and animal breeding and selection for quality improvement and management; use of fertilizers
and manures; protection from pests and diseases; and organic farming.
