CBSE Syllabus NCERT Biology Textbook for Class 11th
I. Diversity in the Living World
What is living? Biodiversity: need for classification; three domains of life: taxonomy & systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for the study of taxonomy—museums, zoos, herbaria, and botanical gardens.
Five-kingdom classification: salient features and classification of Monera, Protista, and Fungi into major groups: lichens, viruses, and viroids.
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups: algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); angiosperms—classification up to class, characteristic features, and examples. Salient features and classification of animals—non-chordates up to the phyla level and chordates up to the class level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).
II. Structural Organization in Animals and Plants
Morphology and modifications; tissues; anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence (cymose and racemose), flower, fruit, and seed (to be dealt with along with the relevant practical of the practical syllabus).
Animal tissues: Morphology, anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)
III. Cell Structure and Function (Periods 40)
Cell theory and the cell as the basic unit of life; structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; plant cells and animal cells; cell envelope, cell membrane, and cell wall; Cell organelles—structure and function; endomembrane system: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, and microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, and centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus—nuclear membrane, chromatin, and nucleolus.
Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules—structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; enzymes—types, properties, and enzyme action.
Cell division: cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and their significance.
IV. Plant Physiology
Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases, and nutrients; cell-to-cell transport—diffusion. facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant–water relations—imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; long-distance transport of water—absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure, and guttation; transpiration—opening and closing of stomata; uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients—transport of food, phloem transport, mass flow hypothesis, diffusion of gases (brief mention).
Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro- and micronutrients, and their role; deficiency symptoms: mineral toxicity; elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism—nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.
Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition. Where does photosynthesis take place? How many pigments are involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea)? Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.
Respiration: Exchange of gases; cellular respiration—glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle, and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations—number of ATP molecules generated; amphipathic pathways; respiratory quotient.
Plant growth and development: seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth: differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation. Sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell: growth regulators—auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalization; photoperiodism.
V. Human Physiology
Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (for box item not to be evaluated); egestion;
Nutritional and digestive disorders: PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.
Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); respiratory system in humans;
Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans—exchange of gases, transport of gases, and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes, and disorders related to respiration—asthma, emphysema, and occupational respiratory disorders.
Body fluids and circulation: composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system—structure of the human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity, disorders of the circulatory system: hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.
Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion—ammonotelism, ureotelism, and uricotelism; human excretory system—structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation, and regulation of kidney function—renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH, and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders—uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, and nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney.
Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement—ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle— contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with in the relevant practical syllabus: joints; disorders of the muscular and skeletal system—myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, and gout.
Neural control and coordination: neurons and nerves; nervous system in humans—central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulses;
Reflex action; sensory perception; sense organs; elementary structure and function of the eye and ear. Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system: hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads Mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea); role of hormones as messengers and regulators; hypo- and hyperactivity; and related disorders (common disorders, e.g., dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease)
