Coulomb's law states the force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them .
Gauss's theorem states total electric flux through a closed surface equals 1/ε₀ times enclosed charge. It applies to infinitely long wire, infinite plane sheet, and thin spherical shell .
Drift velocity is the average velocity acquired by electrons in a conductor under the influence of an applied electric field, responsible for electric current .
Faraday's laws state induced EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage, with magnitude equal to the time rate of change of flux .
EMF is the energy supplied by a source per unit charge, while potential difference is the energy dissipated across a component. EMF maintains potential difference .
RMS value of AC equals that steady DC value which produces same heating effect in resistor as the alternating current in same time .
Huygen's principle states every point on a wavefront acts as source of secondary wavelets; envelope gives new wavefront, proving laws of reflection and refraction .
Photoelectric effect is emission of electrons from metal surface when irradiated with light of sufficient frequency, demonstrating particle nature of radiation .
de Broglie hypothesized that matter particles have wave nature with wavelength given by λ = h/p, establishing wave-particle duality .
p-type semiconductors are doped with trivalent impurities creating holes; n-type are doped with pentavalent impurities creating excess electrons .
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Coulomb's law states the force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them .
Gauss's theorem states total electric flux through a closed surface equals 1/ε₀ times enclosed charge. It applies to infinitely long wire, infinite plane sheet, and thin spherical shell .
Drift velocity is the average velocity acquired by electrons in a conductor under the influence of an applied electric field, responsible for electric current .
Faraday's laws state induced EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage, with magnitude equal to the time rate of change of flux .
EMF is the energy supplied by a source per unit charge, while potential difference is the energy dissipated across a component. EMF maintains potential difference .
RMS value of AC equals that steady DC value which produces same heating effect in resistor as the alternating current in same time .
Huygen's principle states every point on a wavefront acts as source of secondary wavelets; envelope gives new wavefront, proving laws of reflection and refraction .
Photoelectric effect is emission of electrons from metal surface when irradiated with light of sufficient frequency, demonstrating particle nature of radiation .
de Broglie hypothesized that matter particles have wave nature with wavelength given by λ = h/p, establishing wave-particle duality .
p-type semiconductors are doped with trivalent impurities creating holes; n-type are doped with pentavalent impurities creating excess electrons .